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In building construction, topping out (sometimes referred to as topping off) is a builders' rite traditionally held when the last beam (or its equivalent) is placed atop a structure during its construction. Nowadays the ceremony is often parlayed into a media event for public relations purposes.〔(The Hoary Tradition of Topping Out ). ''The New York Times'', 21 October 1984.〕 After topping out, numerous elements of construction remain, including interior finish and most mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems. ==History== The practice of "topping out" a new building can be traced to the ancient Scandinavian religious rite of placing a tree atop a new building to appease the tree-dwelling spirits displaced in its construction. Long an important component of timber frame building,〔(Topping Off the Frame ), 26 November 2008.〕 it migrated initially to England and Northern Europe, thence to the Americas. A tree or leafy branch is placed on the topmost wood or iron beam, often with flags and streamers tied to it. A toast is usually drunk and sometimes workers are treated to a meal. In masonry construction the rite celebrates the bedding of the last block or brick. In some cases a topping out event is held at an intermediate point, such as when the roof is dried in.〔(Drying In, Part 2 ), 6 November 2009.〕 The practice remains common in the United Kingdom, and assorted Commonwealth countries such as Australia 〔http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_eye/2013/12/19/why_do_construction_workers_top_building_sites_with_undecorated_christmas.html〕 and Canada 〔http://www.thetelegram.com/Business/2013-05-16/article-3249598/Builders-top-off-new-downtown-office-tower/1〕 as well as Germany, Austria, Iceland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and the United States, where the last beam of a skyscraper is painted white and signed by all the workers involved, The tradition of "''pannenbier''" (literally "(roof) tile beer" in Dutch) is popular in the Netherlands and Flanders, where a national, regional or city flag is hung once the highest point of a building is reached. It stays in place until the building's owner provides free beer to the workers, after which it is lowered. It is considered greedy if it remains flown for more than a few days. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Topping out」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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